The Colchic oak (Quercus hartwissiana) is one of the longest-lived tree species in this forest — it commonly reaches 400–500 years of age. The trunks of these trees carry the marks of historical eras: old wounds, cutting traces, layers of lichen.
Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) is the "ring" layer of these forests — a tall, pale-barked tree that claims the lion's share of the forest canopy. Its leaves turn golden-red in autumn, transforming the forest into what locals call the "golden forest."
The Caucasian wingnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia) is the most visually striking species — its fruit stands out for its distinctive winged form. This tree grows beside rivers, particularly along the Bzhuzha and its tributaries.